Prefixes and Suffixes

The prefix "anti" before a word means against.

• anti-smoking
• anti-terrorism
• anti-freeze

The prefix "semi" before a word means half.

• semi-finals
• semi-circular
• semi-conscious

The suffix "ism" after a word, turns the word into an abstract noun or an idea.

• environmentalism
• capitalism
• sexism

The suffix "ist" after a word, turns the word into a person who believes in the idea.

• Terrorist
• Feminist
• Sexist
• Environmentalist

Copular verbs

Appear to have + Past participle
We use this structure when we are making guesses about someone's past actions based on what we can see.

• You appear to have come to the wrong place.
• He appears to have eaten too much.
• He appears to have bought a new car.

Seem to have + Past participle
We use this structure when we make guesses about what has happened based on evidence. (Objective facts and emotional impressions)

• The car seems to have broken down.
• They seem to have missed their train.
• It seems ridiculous that we have to stay here.